An in-depth study of European history from c. 1450 to the present, emphasizing intellectual and cultural movements, political developments, and socioeconomic trends.
Of the 600,000 soldiers Napoleon led into Russia in 1812, fewer than 100,000 survived the retreat, as the Russian army's 'scorched-earth' policy and the brutal winter decimated the invading force.
The English Civil War culminated in the public execution of King Charles I in 1649, a revolutionary act where a reigning monarch was tried and condemned for treason by his own Parliament.
After winning only 23% of the vote in a national election, Lenin's Bolshevik government allowed the new Constituent Assembly to meet for just one day before disbanding it by force.
Due to Russia's use of the old Julian calendar, the 'February Revolution' of 1917 actually began in March according to the calendar used by most of the world.
During World War I, the German government arranged for Vladimir Lenin's return to Russia in a sealed train, hoping his radical anti-war message would destabilize their enemy from within.
