The First Amendment: Freedoms of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
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What are the five freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment?
1. Freedom of Religion
2. Freedom of Speech
3. Freedom of the Press
4. Freedom of Assembly
5. Freedom to Petition the Government
The First Amendment's protection of religion is split into two clauses. What are they?
The Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause.
What does the Establishment Clause prohibit?
It prohibits the government from establishing an official religion, or from favoring one religion over another. It's often interpreted as creating a "separation of church and state."
What does the Free Exercise Clause protect?
It protects an individual's right to practice their religion as they see fit, as long as the practice does not violate "public morals" or a "compelling" governmental interest.
Is freedom of speech absolute? Provide an example of a category of speech that is not protected.
No, it is not absolute. Unprotected categories of speech include incitement to imminent lawless action, defamation (libel and slander), and obscenity.
What is "symbolic speech"?
Actions, symbols, or other forms of non-verbal expression that are intended to convey a particular political message. The Supreme Court case *Tinker v. Des Moines* (1969) affirmed protection for students' symbolic speech (wearing armbands).
What does "freedom of the press" primarily protect against?
It protects against "prior restraint," which is when the government attempts to prevent material from being published in the first place. The landmark case is *New York Times Co. v. United States* (1971).
What is the right to peaceably assemble?
The right of people to gather for peaceful and lawful purposes. This includes activities like protests, parades, and demonstrations, though the government can place restrictions on the time, place, and manner of assembly.
What is the right "to petition the Government for a redress of grievances"?
The right to make a complaint to, or seek the assistance of, one's government, without fear of punishment or reprisal.
What was the significance of the Supreme Court case *Schenck v. United States* (1919)?
It established the "clear and present danger" test, a standard for judging when speech could be limited. While later modified, it was an early attempt to define the limits of free speech.
What is the difference between libel and slander?
Both are forms of defamation. Libel is a defamatory statement that is written or broadcast, while slander is a defamatory statement that is spoken.
What standard must a public figure meet to win a defamation lawsuit, as established in *New York Times Co. v. Sullivan* (1964)?
The public figure must prove that the defamatory statement was made with "actual malice" – that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard for the truth.
