A system of government in which power is divided between a central, national government and various regional governments (states). Both levels of government act directly on the people through their own officials and laws.
How does a federal system differ from a unitary system?
In a unitary system, all governing power resides in a single, central government. The central government may delegate powers to local units, but it can also take them away. Example: United Kingdom.
How does a federal system differ from a confederal system (confederation)?
In a confederal system, a league of independent states creates a central government with very limited powers. The states retain sovereignty and can leave the confederation. Example: U.S. under the Articles of Confederation.
Why did the U.S. Framers choose federalism?
They believed it was a middle ground that would prevent tyranny by dividing power, increase citizen participation, and allow states to be 'laboratories of democracy' while still having a strong national government to handle national issues.
What is meant by 'dual federalism'?
A model of federalism where the national and state governments are viewed as co-equal sovereign powers, each supreme within its own sphere. This is often called 'layer cake' federalism.
What is meant by 'cooperative federalism'?
A model of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately. This is often called 'marble cake' federalism.
Which part of the Constitution provides the framework for federalism?
The framework for federalism is established throughout the Constitution. Key components include Article I, Section 8 (enumerating federal powers), the Supremacy Clause in Article VI, and the 10th Amendment (reserving powers to the states).
What is the general principle of power division in U.S. federalism?
The federal government has only those powers delegated to it by the Constitution. All other powers are reserved for the states, unless the Constitution prohibits them from having such powers.
